Later in her life, Julian became an anchorite-a person who retires to a fixed place for a life of religious seclusion, similar to a hermit-at St. This guide reflects the Long Text, translated into modern English by Elizabeth Spearing for Penguin Classics. The passing of time had allowed her to understand more fully the meaning of the visions. At last, about 20 years later, she expanded her original account into the Long Text, including incidents and parables that were part of her original visions. Over many more years, Julian continued to ponder the meaning of the revelations. The Short Text was probably written not long after the revelations themselves. She wrote two different versions of Revelations of Divine Love, referred to by scholars as the Short Text and the Long Text. Julian recovered from her illness and proceeded to commit the revelations to writing. In May 1373, while seriously ill and at the point of death, she received a series of revelations, or “showings,” of the Passion of Christ and of the Virgin Mary-revelations which Julian believed to come directly from God and to be intended for all Christians. She was probably a laywoman living in the city of Norwich, a major cultural and religious center in late medieval England. Few details are known about the author's life.
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